Since 1995, Transparency International (TI) publishes the Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) annually ranking countries "by their perceived levels of corruption, as determined by expert assessments and opinion surveys." The CPI generally defines corruption as "the misuse of public power for private benefit." As of 2010, the CPI ranks 178 countries "on a scale from 10 (very clean) to 0 (highly corrupt)."
Overview of the index of perception of corruption, 2010.
| 9 - 10 |
6 - 6.9 |
3 - 3.9 |
| 8 - 8.9 |
5 - 5.9 |
2 - 2.9 |
| 7 - 7.9 |
4 - 4.9 |
1 - 1.9 |
| No Information |
Political corruption
Methods
Transparency International commissioned
Johann Graf Lambsdorff of the
University of Passau to produce the Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI).
The 2010 CPI draws on 13 different surveys and assessments from 10 independent institutions.
The institutions are the
African Development Bank, the
Asian Development Bank, the
Bertelsmann Foundation, the
Economist Intelligence Unit,
Freedom House,
Global Insight,
International Institute for Management Development,
Political and Economic Risk Consultancy, the
World Economic Forum, and the
World Bank.
The 13 surveys/assessments are either business people opinion surveys or performance assessments from a group of analysts.
Early CPIs used public opinion surveys. Countries must be assessed by at least three sources to appear in the CPI.
The CPI measures perception of corruption due to the difficulty of measuring absolute levels of corruption.
Limitations
Since the set of sources changes, comparing corruption over time with the CPI is inappropriate.
Criticism
The Corruption Perceptions Index has drawn increasing criticism in
the decade since its launch, leading to calls for the index to be
abandoned.
This criticism has been directed at the quality of the Index itself,
and the lack of actionable insights created from a simple country
ranking.
Because corruption is willfully hidden, it is impossible to measure
directly; instead proxies for corruption are used. The CPI uses an
eclectic mix of third-party surveys to sample public perceptions of
corruption through a variety of questions, ranging from "Do you trust
the government?" to "Is corruption a big problem in your country?"
The use of third-party survey data is a source of criticism. The data
can vary widely in methodology and completeness from country to
country. The methodology of the Index itself changes from year to year,
thus making even basic better-or-worse comparisons difficult. Media
outlets, meanwhile, frequently use the raw numbers as a yardstick for
government performance, without clarifying what the numbers mean. A
local Transparency International chapter disowned the index results
after a change in methodology caused a country's scores to
increase—media reported it as an "improvement".
Other critics point out that definitional problems with the term "corruption" makes the tool problematic for social science.
The index mainly provides a snapshot of the views of business people and country analysts. In comparison, the questions in the
Eurobarometer surveys 64.3 (2005), 68.2 (2007), 72.2 (2009), and the Flash Eurobarometer 236 (2008) established by the
European Commission for all of the 27
European Union
members states ask the perceptions and experiences of the general
public. In general, the results show a very large divergence between the
perception of living in a corrupt country by the general public and the
experiences of corruption in everyday life.
Aside from precision issues, a more fundamental critique is aimed at
the uses of the Index. Critics are quick to concede that the CPI has
been instrumental in creating awareness and stimulating debate about
corruption.
[not in citation given]
However, as a source of quantitative data in a field hungry for
international datasets, the CPI can take on a life of its own, appearing
in cross-country and year-to-year comparisons that the CPI authors
themselves admit are not justified by their methodology. The authors
state in 2008: "Year-to-year changes in a country's score can either
result from a changed perception of a country's performance or from a
change in the CPI’s sample and methodology. The only reliable way to
compare a country’s score over time is to go back to individual survey
sources, each of which can reflect a change in assessment."
The CPI produces a single score per country, which as noted above,
cannot be compared year-to-year. In the late 2000s, the field has moved
towards unpackable, action-oriented indices (such as those by the
International Budget Partnership or
Global Integrity),
which typically measure public policies that relate to corruption,
rather than try to assess "corruption" as a whole via proxy measures
like perceptions.
These alternative measures use original (often locally collected) data
and so have the same non-comparability problem as the CPI and are
limited in scope to specific policy practices (such as public access to
parliamentary budget documents) and so they are only an indicator of
visible corruption/policy corruption.
Ranking (corruption less to most corrupted)
Worldwide Corruption Perceptions ranking of countries
published by Transparency International |
| Rank |
Country |
Index |
| 2011 |
2011[17] |
2010[18] |
2009[19] |
2008[20] |
2007[21] |
2006[22] |
2005[23] |
2004[24] |
2003 |
2002 |
| 1 |
 New Zealand |
9.5 |
9.3 |
9.4 |
9.3 |
9.4 |
9.6 |
9.6 |
9.5 |
9.5 |
9.4 |
| 2 |
 Denmark |
9.4 |
9.3 |
9.3 |
9.3 |
9.4 |
9.5 |
9.5 |
9.5 |
9.5 |
9.5 |
| 2 |
 Finland |
9.4 |
9.2 |
8.9 |
9.0 |
9.4 |
9.6 |
9.6 |
9.7 |
9.7 |
9.9 |
| 4 |
 Sweden |
9.3 |
9.2 |
9.2 |
9.3 |
9.3 |
9.2 |
9.2 |
9.3 |
9.3 |
9.0 |
| 5 |
 Singapore |
9.2 |
9.3 |
9.2 |
9.2 |
9.3 |
9.2 |
9.3 |
9.4 |
9.4 |
9.4 |
| 6 |
 Norway |
9.0 |
8.6 |
8.6 |
7.9 |
8.7 |
8.8 |
8.9 |
8.8 |
8.5 |
8.6 |
| 7 |
 Netherlands |
8.9 |
8.8 |
8.9 |
8.9 |
9.0 |
8.7 |
8.6 |
8.9 |
9.0 |
8.8 |
| 8 |
 Australia |
8.8 |
8.7 |
8.7 |
8.7 |
8.6 |
8.7 |
8.8 |
8.8 |
8.6 |
8.5 |
| 8 |
 Switzerland |
8.8 |
8.7 |
9.0 |
9.0 |
9.0 |
9.1 |
9.1 |
8.8 |
8.5 |
8.4 |
| 10 |
 Canada |
8.7 |
8.9 |
8.7 |
8.7 |
8.7 |
8.5 |
8.4 |
8.7 |
9.0 |
8.9 |
| 11 |
 Luxembourg |
8.5 |
8.5 |
8.2 |
8.3 |
8.4 |
8.6 |
8.5 |
8.7 |
9.0 |
8.7 |
| 12 |
 Hong Kong |
8.4 |
8.4 |
8.2 |
8.1 |
8.3 |
8.3 |
8.3 |
8.0 |
8.2 |
7.9 |
| 13 |
 Iceland |
8.3 |
8.5 |
8.7 |
8.9 |
9.2 |
9.6 |
9.7 |
9.6 |
9.4 |
9.2 |
| 14 |
 Germany |
8.0 |
7.9 |
8.0 |
7.9 |
7.8 |
8.0 |
8.2 |
7.7 |
7.3 |
7.4 |
| 14 |
 Japan |
8.0 |
7.8 |
7.7 |
7.3 |
7.5 |
7.6 |
7.3 |
7.0 |
7.1 |
7.1 |
| 16 |
 Austria |
7.8 |
7.9 |
7.9 |
8.1 |
8.1 |
8.6 |
8.7 |
8.0 |
7.8 |
7.8 |
| 16 |
 Barbados |
7.8 |
7.8 |
7.4 |
7.0 |
6.9 |
6.7 |
6.9 |
|
|
|
| 16 |
 United Kingdom |
7.8 |
7.6 |
7.7 |
7.7 |
8.4 |
8.6 |
8.6 |
8.6 |
8.7 |
8.3 |
| 19 |
 Belgium |
7.5 |
7.1 |
7.1 |
7.3 |
7.1 |
7.3 |
7.4 |
7.6 |
7.1 |
6.6 |
| 19 |
 Ireland |
7.5 |
8.0 |
8.0 |
7.7 |
7.5 |
7.4 |
7.4 |
7.5 |
6.9 |
7.5 |
| 21 |
 Bahamas |
7.3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 22 |
 Chile |
7.2 |
7.2 |
6.7 |
6.9 |
7.0 |
7.3 |
7.3 |
7.4 |
7.5 |
7.5 |
| 22 |
 Qatar |
7.2 |
7.7 |
7.0 |
6.5 |
6.0 |
6.0 |
5.9 |
5.6 |
|
|
| 24 |
 United States |
7.1 |
7.1 |
7.5 |
7.3 |
7.2 |
7.3 |
7.6 |
7.5 |
7.7 |
7.6 |
| 25 |
 France |
7.0 |
6.8 |
6.9 |
6.9 |
7.3 |
7.4 |
7.5 |
6.9 |
6.3 |
6.7 |
| 25 |
 Saint Lucia |
7.0 |
|
7.0 |
7.1 |
6.8 |
|
|
|
|
|
| 25 |
 Uruguay |
7.0 |
6.9 |
6.7 |
6.9 |
6.7 |
6.4 |
5.9 |
5.5 |
5.1 |
5.1 |
| 28 |
 United Arab Emirates |
6.8 |
6.3 |
6.5 |
5.9 |
5.7 |
6.2 |
6.2 |
6.1 |
5.2 |
|
| 29 |
 Estonia |
6.4 |
6.5 |
6.6 |
6.6 |
6.5 |
6.7 |
6.4 |
5.5 |
5.6 |
5.6 |
| 30 |
 Cyprus |
6.3 |
6.3 |
6.6 |
6.4 |
5.3 |
5.6 |
5.7 |
5.4 |
6.1 |
|
| 31 |
 Spain |
6.2 |
6.1 |
6.1 |
6.5 |
6.7 |
6.8 |
7.0 |
6.9 |
7.1 |
7.0 |
| 32 |
 Botswana |
6.1 |
5.8 |
5.6 |
5.8 |
5.4 |
5.6 |
5.9 |
6.0 |
5.7 |
6.4 |
| 32 |
 Portugal |
6.1 |
6.0 |
5.8 |
6.1 |
6.5 |
6.6 |
6.5 |
6.6 |
6.3 |
6.3 |
| 32 |
 Republic of China |
6.1 |
5.8 |
5.6 |
5.7 |
5.7 |
5.9 |
5.9 |
5.6 |
5.7 |
5.6 |
| 35 |
 Slovenia |
5.9 |
6.4 |
6.6 |
6.7 |
6.6 |
6.4 |
6.1 |
5.9 |
6.0 |
5.2 |
| 36 |
 Israel |
5.8 |
6.1 |
6.1 |
6.0 |
6.1 |
5.9 |
6.3 |
6.4 |
7.0 |
7.3 |
| 36 |
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines |
5.8 |
|
6.4 |
6.5 |
6.1 |
|
|
|
|
|
| 38 |
 Bhutan |
5.7 |
5.7 |
5.0 |
5.4 |
5.0 |
|
|
|
|
|
| 39 |
 Malta |
5.6 |
5.6 |
5.2 |
5.8 |
5.8 |
6.4 |
6.4 |
|
|
|
| 39 |
 Puerto Rico |
5.6 |
5.8 |
5.8 |
5.8 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 41 |
 Cape Verde |
5.5 |
5.1 |
5.1 |
5.1 |
4.9 |
|
|
|
|
|
| 41 |
 Poland |
5.5 |
5.3 |
5.0 |
4.6 |
4.2 |
3.7 |
3.4 |
3.5 |
3.6 |
4.0 |
| 43 |
 South Korea |
5.4 |
5.4 |
5.5 |
5.6 |
5.1 |
5.1 |
5.0 |
4.5 |
4.3 |
4.5 |
| 44 |
 Brunei |
5.2 |
5.5 |
5.5 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 44 |
 Dominica |
5.2 |
5.2 |
5.9 |
6.0 |
5.6 |
4.5 |
3.0 |
2.9 |
3.3 |
3.2 |
| 46 |
 Bahrain |
5.2 |
4.9 |
5.1 |
5.4 |
5.0 |
5.7 |
5.8 |
5.8 |
6.1 |
|
| 46 |
 Macau |
5.2 |
5.0 |
5.3 |
5.4 |
5.7 |
6.6 |
|
|
|
|
| 46 |
 Mauritius |
5.2 |
5.4 |
5.4 |
5.5 |
4.7 |
5.1 |
4.2 |
4.1 |
4.4 |
4.5 |
| 49 |
 Rwanda |
5.0 |
4.0 |
3.3 |
3.0 |
2.8 |
2.5 |
3.1 |
|
|
|
| 50 |
 Costa Rica |
4.8 |
5.3 |
5.3 |
5.1 |
5.0 |
4.1 |
4.2 |
4.9 |
4.3 |
4.5 |
| 50 |
 Lithuania |
4.8 |
5.0 |
4.9 |
4.6 |
4.8 |
4.8 |
4.8 |
4.6 |
4.7 |
4.8 |
| 50 |
 Oman |
4.8 |
5.3 |
5.5 |
5.5 |
4.7 |
5.4 |
6.3 |
6.1 |
6.3 |
|
| 50 |
 Seychelles |
4.8 |
4.8 |
4.8 |
4.8 |
4.5 |
3.6 |
4.0 |
4.4 |
|
|
| 54 |
 Hungary |
4.6 |
4.7 |
5.1 |
5.1 |
5.3 |
5.2 |
5.0 |
4.8 |
4.8 |
4.9 |
| 54 |
 Kuwait |
4.6 |
4.5 |
4.1 |
4.3 |
4.3 |
4.8 |
4.7 |
4.6 |
5.3 |
|
| 56 |
 Jordan |
4.5 |
4.7 |
5.0 |
5.1 |
4.7 |
5.3 |
5.7 |
5.3 |
4.6 |
4.5 |
| 57 |
 Czech Republic |
4.4 |
4.6 |
4.9 |
5.2 |
5.2 |
4.8 |
4.3 |
4.2 |
3.9 |
3.7 |
| 57 |
 Namibia |
4.4 |
4.4 |
4.5 |
4.5 |
4.5 |
4.1 |
4.3 |
4.1 |
4.7 |
5.7 |
| 57 |
 Saudi Arabia |
4.7 |
4.7 |
4.3 |
3.5 |
3.4 |
3.3 |
3.4 |
3.4 |
4.5 |
|
| 60 |
 Malaysia |
4.3 |
4.4 |
4.5 |
5.1 |
5.1 |
5.0 |
5.1 |
5.0 |
5.2 |
4.9 |
| 61 |
 Cuba |
4.2 |
3.7 |
4.4 |
4.3 |
4.2 |
3.5 |
3.8 |
3.7 |
4.6 |
|
| 61 |
 Latvia |
4.2 |
4.3 |
4.5 |
5.0 |
4.8 |
4.7 |
4.2 |
4.0 |
3.8 |
3.7 |
| 61 |
 Turkey |
4.2 |
4.4 |
4.4 |
4.6 |
4.1 |
3.8 |
3.5 |
3.2 |
3.1 |
3.2 |
| 64 |
 Georgia |
4.1 |
3.8 |
4.1 |
3.9 |
3.4 |
2.8 |
2.3 |
2.0 |
1.8 |
2.4 |
| 64 |
 South Africa |
4.1 |
4.5 |
4.7 |
4.9 |
5.1 |
4.6 |
4.5 |
4.6 |
4.4 |
4.8 |
| 66 |
 Croatia |
4.0 |
4.1 |
4.1 |
4.4 |
4.1 |
3.4 |
3.4 |
3.5 |
3.7 |
3.8 |
| 66 |
 Montenegro |
4.0 |
3.7 |
3.9 |
3.4 |
3.3 |
|
|
|
|
|
| 66 |
 Slovakia |
4.0 |
4.3 |
4.5 |
5.0 |
4.9 |
4.7 |
4.3 |
4.0 |
3.7 |
3.7 |
| 69 |
 Ghana |
3.9 |
4.1 |
3.9 |
3.9 |
3.7 |
3.3 |
3.5 |
3.6 |
3.3 |
3.9 |
| 69 |
 Italy |
3.9 |
3.9 |
4.3 |
4.8 |
5.2 |
6.2 |
6.2 |
5.2 |
|
|
| 69 |
 Macedonia |
3.9 |
4.1 |
3.8 |
3.6 |
3.3 |
2.7 |
2.7 |
2.7 |
2.3 |
|
| 69 |
 Samoa |
3.9 |
4.1 |
4.5 |
4.4 |
4.5 |
|
|
|
|
|
| 73 |
 Brazil |
3.8 |
3.7 |
3.7 |
3.5 |
3.5 |
3.3 |
3.7 |
3.9 |
3.9 |
4.0 |
| 73 |
 Tunisia |
3.8 |
4.3 |
4.2 |
4.4 |
4.2 |
4.6 |
4.9 |
5.0 |
4.9 |
4.8 |
| 75 |
 China |
3.6 |
3.5 |
3.6 |
3.6 |
3.5 |
3.3 |
3.2 |
3.4 |
3.4 |
3.5 |
| 75 |
 Romania |
3.6 |
3.7 |
3.8 |
3.8 |
3.7 |
3.1 |
3.0 |
2.9 |
2.8 |
2.6 |
| 77 |
 Gambia |
3.5 |
3.2 |
2.9 |
1.9 |
2.3 |
2.5 |
2.7 |
2.8 |
2.5 |
|
| 77 |
 Lesotho |
3.5 |
3.5 |
3.3 |
3.2 |
3.3 |
3.2 |
3.4 |
|
|
|
| 77 |
 Vanuatu |
3.5 |
3.6 |
3.2 |
2.9 |
3.1 |
|
|
|
|
|
| 80 |
 Colombia |
3.4 |
3.5 |
3.7 |
3.8 |
3.8 |
3.9 |
4.0 |
3.8 |
3.7 |
3.6 |
| 80 |
 El Salvador |
3.4 |
3.6 |
3.4 |
3.9 |
4.0 |
4.0 |
4.2 |
3.7 |
3.4 |
3.2 |
| 80 |
 Greece |
3.4 |
3.5 |
3.8 |
4.7 |
4.6 |
4.4 |
4.3 |
4.3 |
4.3 |
4.2 |
| 80 |
 Morocco |
3.4 |
3.4 |
3.3 |
3.5 |
3.5 |
3.2 |
3.2 |
3.2 |
3.3 |
3.7 |
| 80 |
 Peru |
3.4 |
3.5 |
3.7 |
3.6 |
3.5 |
3.3 |
3.5 |
3.5 |
3.7 |
3.4 |
| 80 |
 Thailand |
3.4 |
3.5 |
3.4 |
3.5 |
3.3 |
3.6 |
3.8 |
3.6 |
3.3 |
3.2 |
| 86 |
 Bulgaria |
3.3 |
3.6 |
3.8 |
3.6 |
4.1 |
4.0 |
4.0 |
4.1 |
3.9 |
4.0 |
| 86 |
 Jamaica |
3.3 |
3.3 |
3.0 |
3.1 |
3.3 |
3.7 |
3.6 |
3.3 |
3.8 |
4.0 |
| 86 |
 Panama |
3.3 |
3.6 |
3.4 |
3.4 |
3.2 |
3.1 |
3.5 |
3.7 |
3.4 |
3.0 |
| 86 |
 Serbia[25] |
3.3 |
3.5 |
3.4 |
3.4 |
3.0 |
2.8 |
2.7 |
2.3 |
|
|
| 86 |
 Sri Lanka |
3.3 |
3.2 |
3.1 |
3.2 |
3.2 |
3.1 |
3.2 |
3.5 |
3.4 |
3.7 |
| 91 |
 Bosnia and Herzegovina |
3.2 |
3.2 |
3.2 |
3.3 |
2.9 |
2.9 |
3.1 |
3.3 |
|
|
| 91 |
 Liberia |
3.2 |
3.3 |
3.1 |
2.4 |
2.1 |
|
2.2 |
|
|
|
| 91 |
 Trinidad and Tobago |
3.2 |
3.6 |
3.6 |
3.6 |
3.4 |
3.2 |
3.8 |
4.2 |
4.6 |
4.9 |
| 91 |
 Zambia |
3.2 |
3.0 |
3.0 |
2.8 |
2.6 |
2.6 |
2.6 |
2.6 |
2.5 |
2.6 |
|
|
| Rank |
Country |
Index |
| 2011 |
2011 |
2010 |
2009 |
2008 |
2007 |
2006 |
2005 |
2004 |
2003 |
2002 |
| 95 |
 Albania |
3.1 |
3.3 |
3.2 |
3.4 |
2.9 |
2.6 |
2.4 |
2.5 |
2.5 |
2.5 |
| 95 |
 India |
3.1 |
3.3 |
3.4 |
3.4 |
3.5 |
3.3 |
2.9 |
2.8 |
2.8 |
2.7 |
| 95 |
 Kiribati |
3.1 |
3.2 |
2.8 |
3.1 |
3.3 |
3.7 |
|
|
|
|
| 95 |
 Swaziland |
3.1 |
3.2 |
3.6 |
3.6 |
3.3 |
2.5 |
2.7 |
|
|
|
| 95 |
 Tonga |
3.1 |
3.0 |
3.0 |
2.4 |
1.7 |
|
|
|
|
|
| 100 |
 Argentina |
3.0 |
2.9 |
2.9 |
2.9 |
2.9 |
2.9 |
2.8 |
2.5 |
2.5 |
2.8 |
| 100 |
 Benin |
3.0 |
2.8 |
2.9 |
3.1 |
2.7 |
2.5 |
2.9 |
3.2 |
|
|
| 100 |
 Burkina Faso |
3.0 |
3.1 |
3.6 |
3.5 |
2.9 |
3.2 |
3.4 |
|
|
|
| 100 |
 Djibouti |
3.0 |
3.2 |
3.0 |
2.9 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 100 |
 Gabon |
3.0 |
2.8 |
2.9 |
3.1 |
3.3 |
3.0 |
2.9 |
3.3 |
|
|
| 100 |
 Indonesia |
3.0 |
2.8 |
2.8 |
2.6 |
2.3 |
2.4 |
2.2 |
2.0 |
1.9 |
1.9 |
| 100 |
 Madagascar |
3.0 |
2.6 |
3.4 |
3.2 |
3.1 |
2.8 |
3.1 |
2.6 |
1.7 |
|
| 100 |
 Malawi |
3.0 |
3.4 |
3.3 |
2.8 |
2.7 |
2.7 |
2.8 |
2.8 |
2.8 |
2.9 |
| 100 |
 Mexico |
3.0 |
3.1 |
3.3 |
3.6 |
3.5 |
3.3 |
3.5 |
3.6 |
3.6 |
3.6 |
| 100 |
 São Tomé and Príncipe |
3.0 |
3.0 |
2.8 |
2.7 |
2.7 |
|
|
|
|
|
| 100 |
 Suriname |
3.0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 100 |
 Tanzania |
3.0 |
2.7 |
3.0 |
3.2 |
2.9 |
2.9 |
2.8 |
2.5 |
2.7 |
|
| 112 |
 Algeria |
2.9 |
2.9 |
2.8 |
3.2 |
3.0 |
3.1 |
2.8 |
2.7 |
2.6 |
|
| 112 |
 Egypt |
2.9 |
3.1 |
2.8 |
2.8 |
2.9 |
3.3 |
3.4 |
3.2 |
3.3 |
3.4 |
| 112 |
 Kosovo |
2.9 |
2.8 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 112 |
 Moldova |
2.9 |
2.9 |
3.3 |
2.9 |
2.8 |
3.2 |
2.9 |
2.3 |
2.4 |
2.1 |
| 112 |
 Senegal |
2.9 |
2.9 |
3.0 |
3.4 |
3.6 |
3.3 |
3.2 |
3.0 |
3.2 |
3.1 |
| 112 |
 Vietnam |
2.9 |
2.7 |
2.7 |
2.6 |
2.6 |
2.6 |
2.6 |
2.4 |
2.4 |
|
| 118 |
 Bolivia |
2.8 |
2.8 |
2.7 |
3.0 |
2.9 |
2.7 |
2.5 |
2.2 |
2.3 |
2.2 |
| 118 |
 Mali |
2.8 |
2.7 |
3.1 |
2.7 |
2.8 |
2.9 |
3.2 |
3.0 |
|
|
| 120 |
 Bangladesh |
2.7 |
2.4 |
2.1 |
2.0 |
2.0 |
1.7 |
1.5 |
1.3 |
1.2 |
|
| 120 |
 Ecuador |
2.7 |
2.5 |
2.0 |
2.1 |
2.3 |
2.5 |
2.4 |
2.2 |
2.2 |
|
| 120 |
 Ethiopia |
2.7 |
2.7 |
2.6 |
2.4 |
2.4 |
2.2 |
2.3 |
2.5 |
3.5 |
|
| 120 |
 Guatemala |
2.7 |
3.2 |
3.4 |
3.1 |
2.8 |
2.6 |
2.5 |
2.2 |
2.4 |
2.5 |
| 120 |
 Iran |
2.7 |
2.2 |
2.3 |
2.5 |
2.7 |
2.9 |
2.9 |
3.0 |
|
|
| 120 |
 Kazakhstan |
2.7 |
2.9 |
2.7 |
2.2 |
2.1 |
2.6 |
2.6 |
2.2 |
2.4 |
2.3 |
| 120 |
 Mongolia |
2.7 |
2.7 |
3.0 |
3.0 |
2.8 |
3.0 |
3.0 |
|
|
|
| 120 |
 Mozambique |
2.7 |
2.7 |
2.6 |
2.8 |
2.8 |
2.8 |
2.8 |
2.7 |
|
|
| 120 |
 Solomon Islands |
2.7 |
2.8 |
2.8 |
2.9 |
2.8 |
|
|
|
|
|
| 129 |
 Armenia |
2.6 |
2.6 |
2.9 |
3.0 |
2.9 |
2.9 |
3.1 |
3.0 |
|
|
| 129 |
 Dominican Republic |
2.6 |
3.0 |
3.0 |
3.0 |
3.0 |
2.8 |
3.0 |
2.9 |
3.3 |
3.5 |
| 129 |
 Honduras |
2.6 |
2.4 |
2.6 |
2.5 |
2.5 |
2.6 |
2.3 |
2.3 |
2.7 |
|
| 129 |
 Philippines |
2.6 |
2.4 |
2.3 |
2.5 |
2.5 |
2.5 |
2.6 |
2.5 |
2.6 |
|
| 129 |
 Syria |
2.6 |
2.5 |
2.1 |
2.4 |
2.9 |
3.4 |
3.4 |
3.4 |
|
|
| 134 |
 Cameroon |
2.5 |
2.2 |
2.3 |
2.4 |
2.3 |
2.2 |
2.1 |
1.8 |
2.2 |
|
| 134 |
 Eritrea |
2.5 |
2.6 |
2.6 |
2.8 |
2.9 |
2.6 |
2.6 |
|
|
|
| 134 |
 Guyana |
2.5 |
2.7 |
2.6 |
2.6 |
2.5 |
2.5 |
|
|
|
|
| 134 |
 Lebanon |
2.5 |
2.5 |
3.0 |
3.0 |
3.6 |
3.1 |
2.7 |
3.0 |
|
|
| 134 |
 Maldives |
2.5 |
2.3 |
2.8 |
3.3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 134 |
 Nicaragua |
2.5 |
2.5 |
2.5 |
2.6 |
2.6 |
2.6 |
2.7 |
2.6 |
2.5 |
|
| 134 |
 Niger |
2.5 |
2.6 |
2.8 |
2.6 |
2.3 |
2.4 |
2.2 |
|
|
|
| 134 |
 Pakistan |
2.5 |
2.3 |
2.5 |
2.4 |
2.2 |
2.1 |
2.1 |
2.5 |
2.6 |
|
| 134 |
 Sierra Leone |
2.5 |
2.4 |
1.9 |
2.1 |
2.2 |
2.4 |
2.3 |
2.2 |
|
|
| 143 |
 Azerbaijan |
2.4 |
2.4 |
1.9 |
2.1 |
2.4 |
2.2 |
1.9 |
1.8 |
2.0 |
|
| 143 |
 Belarus |
2.4 |
2.5 |
2.0 |
2.1 |
2.1 |
2.6 |
3.3 |
4.2 |
4.8 |
|
| 143 |
 Comoros |
2.4 |
2.1 |
2.5 |
2.6 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 143 |
 Mauritania |
2.4 |
2.3 |
2.8 |
2.6 |
3.1 |
|
|
|
|
|
| 143 |
 Nigeria |
2.4 |
2.4 |
2.7 |
2.2 |
2.2 |
1.9 |
1.6 |
1.4 |
1.6 |
|
| 143 |
 Russia |
2.4 |
2.1 |
2.1 |
2.1 |
2.5 |
2.4 |
2.8 |
2.7 |
2.7 |
|
| 143 |
 Timor-Leste |
2.4 |
2.5 |
2.2 |
2.6 |
2.6 |
|
|
|
|
|
| 143 |
 Togo |
2.4 |
2.4 |
2.7 |
2.3 |
2.4 |
|
|
|
|
|
| 143 |
 Uganda |
2.4 |
2.5 |
2.6 |
2.8 |
2.7 |
2.5 |
2.6 |
2.2 |
2.1 |
|
| 152 |
 Tajikistan |
2.3 |
2.1 |
2.0 |
2.1 |
2.2 |
2.1 |
2.0 |
1.8 |
|
|
| 152 |
 Ukraine |
2.3 |
2.4 |
2.5 |
2.7 |
2.8 |
2.6 |
2.2 |
2.3 |
2.4 |
|
| 154 |
 Central African Republic |
2.2 |
2.1 |
2.0 |
2.0 |
2.4 |
|
|
|
|
|
| 154 |
 Republic of the Congo |
2.2 |
2.1 |
1.9 |
2.1 |
2.2 |
2.3 |
2.3 |
2.2 |
|
|
| 154 |
 Côte d'Ivoire |
2.2 |
2.2 |
2.0 |
2.1 |
|
1.9 |
2.0 |
2.1 |
2.7 |
|
| 154 |
 Guinea-Bissau |
2.2 |
2.1 |
1.9 |
2.2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 154 |
 Kenya |
2.2 |
2.1 |
2.1 |
2.1 |
2.2 |
2.1 |
2.1 |
1.9 |
1.9 |
|
| 154 |
 Laos |
2.2 |
2.1 |
2.0 |
1.9 |
2.6 |
3.3 |
|
|
|
|
| 154 |
 Nepal |
2.2 |
2.2 |
2.7 |
2.5 |
2.5 |
2.5 |
2.8 |
|
|
|
| 154 |
 Papua New Guinea |
2.2 |
2.1 |
2.0 |
2.0 |
2.4 |
2.3 |
2.6 |
2.1 |
|
|
| 154 |
 Paraguay |
2.2 |
2.2 |
2.4 |
2.4 |
2.6 |
2.1 |
1.9 |
1.6 |
1.7 |
|
| 154 |
 Zimbabwe |
2.2 |
2.4 |
1.8 |
2.1 |
2.4 |
2.6 |
2.3 |
2.3 |
2.7 |
|
| 164 |
 Cambodia |
2.1 |
2.1 |
1.8 |
2.0 |
2.1 |
2.3 |
1.5 |
1.3 |
1.2 |
|
| 164 |
 Guinea |
2.1 |
2.0 |
1.6 |
1.9 |
1.9 |
|
|
|
|
|
| 164 |
 Kyrgyzstan |
2.1 |
2.0 |
1.8 |
2.1 |
2.2 |
2.3 |
2.2 |
2.1 |
|
|
| 164 |
 Yemen |
2.1 |
2.2 |
2.3 |
2.5 |
2.6 |
2.7 |
2.4 |
2.6 |
2.4 |
|
| 168 |
 Angola |
2.0 |
1.9 |
2.2 |
1.9 |
2.2 |
2.0 |
2.0 |
1.8 |
1.7 |
|
| 168 |
 Chad |
2.0 |
1.7 |
1.6 |
1.8 |
2.0 |
1.7 |
1.7 |
|
|
|
| 168 |
 Democratic Republic of the Congo |
2.0 |
2.0 |
1.8 |
1.9 |
2.0 |
2.1 |
2.0 |
|
|
|
| 168 |
 Libya |
2.0 |
2.2 |
2.6 |
2.5 |
2.7 |
2.5 |
2.5 |
2.1 |
|
|
| 172 |
 Burundi |
1.9 |
1.8 |
1.9 |
2.5 |
2.4 |
2.3 |
|
|
|
|
| 172 |
 Equatorial Guinea |
1.9 |
1.9 |
1.7 |
1.9 |
2.1 |
1.9 |
|
|
|
|
| 172 |
 Venezuela |
1.9 |
2.0 |
1.9 |
2.0 |
2.3 |
2.3 |
2.3 |
2.4 |
2.5 |
|
| 175 |
 Haiti |
1.8 |
2.2 |
1.4 |
1.6 |
1.8 |
1.8 |
1.5 |
1.5 |
2.2 |
|
| 175 |
 Iraq |
1.8 |
1.5 |
1.3 |
1.5 |
1.9 |
2.2 |
2.1 |
2.2 |
|
|
| 177 |
 Sudan |
1.6 |
1.6 |
1.6 |
1.8 |
2.0 |
2.1 |
2.2 |
2.3 |
|
|
| 177 |
 Turkmenistan |
1.6 |
1.6 |
1.8 |
2.0 |
2.2 |
1.8 |
2.0 |
|
|
|
| 177 |
 Uzbekistan |
1.6 |
1.6 |
1.8 |
1.7 |
2.7 |
2.2 |
2.3 |
2.4 |
2.9 |
|
| 180 |
 Afghanistan |
1.5 |
1.4 |
1.5 |
1.8 |
|
2.5 |
|
|
|
|
| 180 |
 Myanmar |
1.5 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 182 |
 North Korea |
1.0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 182 |
 Somalia |
1.0 |
1.1 |
1.0 |
1.4 |
|
2.1 |
|
|
|
|
| – |
 Belize |
|
|
2.9 |
3.0 |
3.5 |
3.7 |
3.8 |
4.5 |
|
|
| - |
Burma |
|
1.4 |
1.3 |
1.4 |
1.9 |
1.8 |
1.7 |
1.6 |
|
|
| – |
 |
|
